< 2019
Botanikai
Közlemények 106(2): 197–216 (2019)
DOI:
10.17716/BotKozlem.2019.106.2.197
Survey of invasive alien species in the flora of Lozenska Mountain,
Bulgaria
Plamen GLOGOV1*, Dolja PAVLOVA2, Mira GEORGIEVA3,
Yonko DODEV1 and Stela GYUDOROVA1
1Department of Silviculture, Forest
Research Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 132 St. Kliment
Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
pglogov@abv.bg, ionkododev@abv.bg,
stella_gjudorova@abv.bg
2Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia,
8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
dolja_pavlova@abv.bg 3Department
of Forest Genetics, Physiology and Plantations, Forest Research Institute,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 132 St. Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia,
Bulgaria; mirageorgieva@abv.bg
Accepted: 1
August 2019
Key words: abundance,
distribution, ecological strategy, frequency, invasive plants.
This study explores the invasive alien flora of
Lozenska Mountain, southwestern Bulgaria (maximum height 1190 m, area 80
km2). The aims were to (i) describe the taxonomic and ecological structure
of the invasive alien flora in Lozenska Mountain, and (ii) provide data on
the local distribution of the globally most widespread invasive species. Ten
transects of different lengths (from 4 to 12 km) in different parts of the
mountain covering the most characteristic habitats were surveyed between
April 2017 and October 2018. Altogether, 27 invasive alien species (IAS) and
4 potentially invasive alien species (PIAS) belonging to 17 families of
flowering plants were encountered. These represent 3.46% of the flora of
Lozenska Mountain, and 45% of all the IAS in Bulgaria. Seven species (Acer
negundo,
Ailanthus altissima,
Amorpha fruticosa,
Bidens frondosus,
Fallopia × bohemica,
Opuntia humifusa
and Robinia
pseudoacacia) are highly aggressive. In
the biological spectrum of IAS, therophytes predominate (29%), followed by
hemicryptophytes (19.4%). The majority of IAS originates from America
(65.6%) and Asia (19.5%). 64.5% of the IAS were deliberately introduced. The
established invasive species on the territory of the mountain are
predominantly heliophytes (90.3%); microthermophytes (71.0%); high humidity
species (38.7%); mesophytes (54.8%), mesooligotrophs (58.1%) and basophilic
species (80.6%). The most widespread species are
Robinia pseudoacacia,
Erigeron canadensis
and Xanthium
italicum.
Most of the
IAS were found in one transect only. The highest percentage of species cover
(over 80%) was reached by plants adapted to specific habitats: aquatic (Elodea
canadensis), riparian (Impatiens
glan dulifera,
Fallopia × bohemica)
and anthropogenically heavily disturbed terrains (Sorghum
halepen se).
There is a substantial threat of IAS
irruption on the territory of Lozenska Mountain for the following habitat
types (reference codes according to Annex I of the Directive 92/43/EEC):
3150 (Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition
vegetation) and 3270 (Rivers with muddy banks with Chenopodion rubri p.p.
and Bidention p.p. vegetation) included in Natura 2000.
A map of IAS occurrences in the mountain was
prepared and it was found that IAS predominantly appear in areas around
rivers with permanent water regime such as Iskar, Rakita and Gabra, and near
urbanized areas adjacent to settlements, along roads and in abandoned mines.
The populations of the species Amaranthus
hybridus,
A. retroflexus,
Elodea canadensis,
Erigeron annuus,
E. canadensis,
Fallopia × bohemica,
Impatiens glandulifera,
Oenothera biennis,
Opuntia humifusa,
Robinia pseudoacacia,
Solidago gigantea,
Sorghum halepense
and Xanthium
italicum occur in certain parts of
Lozenska Mountain. Other IAS have so far formed small populations only being
accessorial elements in natural plant communities.
Full text
References
Andrews M., Maule H.,
Hodge S., Cherrill A., Raven J. 2009: Seed dormancy, nitrogen nutrition and
shade acclimation of Impatiens
glandulifera:
implications for successful invasion of deciduous woodland. Plant Ecology
and Diversity 2: 145–153.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17550870903186256
Aneva I., Zhelev P.,
Stoyanov S. 2018: Alien species as a part of plant composition in the
periphery of agricultural fields. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, Suppl. 11:
173–176. Asenov
A, Dimitrov D. 2013: The anthropophyte and invasive flora of Mountain
Zemenska, West Bulgaria. Proceedings and Abstracts. Seminar of Ecology,
25-26 April 2013 Sofia, pp.204–211.
Assyov B., Petrova A. (eds) 2012: Conspectus of
the Bulgarian vascular flora. Distribution maps and floristic elements. 4th
edition. Bulgarian Biodiversity Foundation, Sofia. Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, Sofia, 490 pp.
Braun-BlanQuet J. 1964. Pflanzensoziologie,
Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. 3rd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 631
pp.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8110-2
Campos J. A., Biurrun
I., García-Mijangos I., Loidi J., Herrera M. 2013: Assessing the level of
plant invasion: A multi-scale approach based on vegetation plots. Plant
Biosystems 147: 1148–1162.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2013.861538
Chytrý M., Otýpková Z.
2003: Plot sizes used for phytosociological sampling of Euro pean
vegetation. Journal of Vegetation Science 14(4): 563–570.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02183.x
Danov G. 1964:
Lozenska Mountain. Medicine and Physical Education, Sofia, 55 pp. (In
Bulgarian)
Delipavlov D., Cheshmedzhiev I. (eds) 2003: Key to the plants of Bulgaria.
Agrarian University Press, Plovdiv, 591 pp. (In Bulgarian)
Dimitrov M., Glogov P. 2003: Characteristic
syntaxa of forest phytocenoses in Lozenska Mountain. In: Kostov G. (ed.):
Collection of Scientific Reports “50 Years University of Forestry, Forest
Management and Landscape Architecture”. University of Forestry, Sofia, pp:
15–20. (In Bulgarian)
Dimitrova P. 2012: Assessment of the
introduction of black locust (Robinia
pseudoacacia
L.) to Bulgaria. Nauka za Gorata (Forest Science, Sofia) 48(1-2): 71–82. (In
Bulgarian)
Dimitraşcu M., Grigorescu I., Kucsicsa G., Dragot G-S, NĂstase M. 2011:
Non-native and native invasive terrestrial plant species in Comana Natural
Park. Case-studies:
Amorpha fruticosa
and Crataegus
monogyna.
Rev. Roumanian Géography/Romanian Journal of Geography 55(2): 81–89.
Erin M. 2008: The invasive
Sorghum halepense
harbors endophytic
N2-fixing bacteria and alters soil biogeochemistry. Plant and Soil 315(1):
163–172.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9740-z.
Ganchev I. 1961. The
vegetation of the Lozenska Mountain and peculiarities in its development.
Publishing House Bulg. Acad. Sci., Sofia, 193 pp. (In Bulgarian).
Glogov P., Delkov A. 2016: Results from
investigation of vascular flora on the territory of Lozen mountain. Nauka za
Gorata (Forest Science, Sofia) 52(1–2): 5–46. (In Bulgarian)
Glogov P., Georgieva M. L., Pavlova D. 2018:
Reports 130–141. In: Vladimirov V., Aybeke M., Tan K. (eds): New floristic
records in the Balkans: 37. Phytologia Balcanica 24(3): 412–415.
Grime J. 1979: Plant strategies and vegetation
processes. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., ChichesterNew York-Brisbane-Toronto,
222 pp.
IUCN – The World Conservation Union 2000: IUCN
Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss due to Biological
Invasion (Approved by the IUCN Council, February, 2000). 25 pp.
Jordanov D. (ed.) 1963–1979: Flora of NR
Bulgaria. vols I–VII. BAS, Sofia. (in Bulgarian)
Kalníková V., Palpurina S. 2015:
Epilobium adenocaulon
and Oenothera
glazioviana
(Onagraceae): new alien species for the Bulgarian flora. Phytologia
Balcanica 21(1): 21–27.
Korda M. 2015: A brief overview of technologies
used for controlling invasive alien plant species. In: Csiszár Á., Korda M.
(eds): Practical Experiences in Invasive Alien Plant Control. Rosalia
Handbooks. Duna–Ipoly National Park Directorate, Budapest, pp. 37–42.
Kozhuharov S. (ed.) 1995. Flora of Bulgaria.
vol. X. BAS. Sofia, 428 pp. (in Bulgarian)
Lazarević P., Stojanović V., Jelić I., Perić R.,
Krsteski B., Ajtić R., Sekulić N., Branković S., Sekulić G., Bjedov V. 2012:
Preliminarni spisak invazivnih vrsta u Republici Srbiji sa opštim merama kontrole i suzbijanja
kao potpora budućim zakonskim aktima. Zaštita Prirode 62(1): 5–31.
Maslo S. 2016: Preliminary list of invasive
alien plant species (IAS) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Herbologia 16(1): 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.5644/herb.16.1.01
McNeely J. A., Mooney H. A., Neville L. E.,
Schei P., Waage J. K. (eds) 2001: A global strategy on invasive alien
species. IUCN Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK, 50 pp.
Medvecká J., Kliment J., Májeková J., Halada L.,
Zaliberová M., Gojdičová E., Feráková V., Jarolímek I. 2012: Inventory of
the alien flora of Slovakia. Preslia 84: 257–310.
Nikolov V., Yordanova M. 2002: Mountains in
Bulgaria. Academic Publishing House Professor Marin Drinov, 432 pp. (In
Bulgarian).
Ninov N. 1997: Soils. In: Galabov G. (ed.): Geography of Bulgaria. Physical
Geography. BAS, Sofia, 1: 225–257 (In Bulgarian).
NOBANIS (European Network on Invasive Alien
Species) 2013. Gateway to information on Invasive Alien species in North and
Central Europe.
http://www.nobanis.org/Search.asp
Pavlov D. 1998: Ecological foundations of forest
typology in Bulgaria. Dissertation, Sofia, pp. 96–245. (In Bulgarian)
Pavlov D. 2006: Phytocenology. University of
Forestry. Sofia, 256 pp. (In Bulgarian) Pedashenko H., Meshinev T.,
Apostolova I. 2009: Herbaceous vegetation on carbonate terrains in Mt Lozen.
Phytologia Balcanica 15(2): 245–253. Peev D. (ed.) 2012. Flora Republicae Bulgaricae.
vol. 11. Serdica: Aedibus Acad. Sci. Bulgaricae, 527 pp. (In Bulgarian)
Petrova A. 2017: On the identity and
distribution of the alien Acalypha
species
(Euphorbiaceae) in Bulgaria. Phytologia Balcanica 23(1): 31–34.
Petrova A., Vladimirov V. 2007: Recent
(1994–2004) taxonomic studies on the Bulgarian flora. Bocconea 21: 7–25.
Petrova A., Vladimirov V. 2012: A contribution
to the alien flora of Bulgaria. Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences 65(6): 771–778.
Petrova A., Vladimirov V., Georgiev V. 2005:
Distribution of foreign and invasive plant species reported to Bulgaria over
the last 20 years (1991-2011). Reports VIII National Botany Conference,
Sofia, 21-30 September 2005, Sofia, pp. 339–348. (In Bulgarian)
Petrova A., Vladimirov V., Georgiev V. 2013:
Invasive alien species of vascular plants in Bulgaria, IBER – BAS, Sofia,
320 pp. Podda
L., Fraga I, Arguimbau P., Mascia F., Mayoral García-Berlanga O, Bacchetta
G. 2011: Comparison of the invasive alien flora in continental islands:
Sardinia (Italy) and Balearic Islands (Spain). Rendiconti Lincei 22(1):
31–45.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-010-0112-2
Pyšek P., Danihelka
J., Sadlo J., Chrtek J. Jr., Chytry M., Jarošık V., Kaplan Z., Krahulec F.,
Moravcova L., Pergl J., Štajerova K., Tichy L. 2012: Catalogue of alien
plants of the Czech Republic (2nd edition): checklist
update, taxonomic diversity and invasion patterns. Preslia 84: 155–255.
Pyšek P., Lambdon P. W., Arianoutsou M., Kühn
I., Pino J., Winter M. 2009: Alien vascular plants of Europe. In: DAISIE
Handbook of alien species in Europe. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 43–61.
Pyšek P., Meyerson L.A., Simberloff D. 2018:
Introducing “Alien Floras and Faunas”, a new series in biological invasions.
Biological Invasions 20(6): 1375–1376.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1648-1
Pyšek P., Pergl J.,
Essl F., Lenzner B., Dawson W., Kreft H., Weigelt P., Winter M., Kartesz J.,
Nishino M., Antonova L. A., Barcelona J. F., Cabezas F. J., Ca´rdenas D., Ca´rdenas-Toro J., Castano N., Chacon E.,
Chatelain C., Dullinger S., Ebel A. L., Figueiredo E., Fuentes N., Genovesi
P., Groom Q. J., Henderson L., Inderjit N., Kupriyanov A., Masciadri S., Maurel N.,
Meerman J., Morozova O., Moser D., Nickrent D., Nowak P. M., Pagad S.,
Patzelt A., Pelser P. B., Schulze M., Seebens H., Shu W., Thomas J., Velayos M., Weber E.,
Wieringa J. J., Baptiste M. P., van Kleunen M. 2017: Naturalized and
invasive flora of the world: species diversity, taxonomic and phylogenetic
patterns, geographic distribution and global hotspots of plant invasion.
Preslia 89: 203–274.
Richardson D. M., Pyšek P., Rejmánek M., Michael
G. B., Panetta F. D., West C. J. 2000: Naturalization and invasion of alien
plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93–107.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x
Shine C., Williams N.,
Gundling L. 2000: A guide to designing legal and institutional frameworks on
alien invasive species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Cambridge and Bonn, 138 pp.
Sîrbu C., Oprea
A. 2011: Plante adventive în flora României. Editura Ion Ionescu de la Brad,
Iasi, pp. 657–721.
StatSoft Inc. “Statistica”. 2004: Data Analysis
Software System, version 7.0. Tulsa. OK USA.
Stešević D., Petrović D. 2010: Preliminary list
of plant invaders in Montenegro. Biologica Nyssana 1(1–2): 35–42.
Stoyanov N., Stefanov B., Kitanov B. 1966–1967:
Flora of Bulgaria. vols I, II. Art and Sciences. Sofia, 1367 p. (in
Bulgarian) The
Plant List 2010: Version 1. Published on the Internet;
http://www.theplantlist.org/
(accessed 1 January 2019).
Tela Botanica 1901: Published on the Internet:
https://www.tela-botanica.org/
van Kleunen M.,
Dawson W., Essl F., Pergl J., Winter M., Weber E., Kreft H., Weigelt P.,
Kartesz J., Nishino M., Antonova L. A., Barcelona J.F., Cabezas F. J.,
Cárdenas D.,
Cárdenas-Toro J., Castano N., Chacón E., Chatelain C., Ebel A. L. Figueiredo
E., Fuentes N., Groom Q. J., Henderson L., Kupriyanov A., Masciadri S.,
Meerman J.,
Morozova O., Moser D., Nickrent D. L., Patzelt A., Pelser P. B., Baptiste M.
P., Poopath M., Schulze M., Seebens H., Shu W., Thomas J., Velayos M.,
Wieringa J. J.,
Pyšek P. 2015: Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants. Nature
525: 100–103.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14910 Velchev V. (ed.) 1982–1989: Flora of NR
Bulgaria. vol. VIII, IX. BAS. Sofia. 519 pp. (in Bulgarian)
Velev S. 1997: Climate zoning of Bulgaria. In:
Yordanova M., Donchev D. (eds): Geography of Bulgaria. Publishing House
Bulg. Acad. Sci., Sofia, pp. 127-130. (In Bulgarian)
Vinogradova Y., Pergl J., Essl F., Hejda M., van
Kleunen M., Pyšek P. 2018: Invasive alien plants of Russia: insights from
regional Inventories. Biological Invasions 20(8): 1931–1943.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1686-3
Vítková M., Müllerová
J.,Sádlo J., Pergl J., Pyšek P. 2017: Black locust (Robinia
pseudoacacia)
beloved and despised: A story of an invasive tree in Central Europe. Forest
Ecology and Management 384: 287–302.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.057
Wagner V., Chytrý M.,
Jiménez-Alfaro B., Pergl J. 2017: Alien plant invasions in European
woodlands. Diversity and distributions 23: 969–981.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12592
Williamson M. 1996: Biological Invasions.
Chapman & Hall, London, 256 pp.
|